charter -
a document incorporating an institution and specifying its rights; includes the articles of incorporation and the certificate of incorporation
articles of incorporation a legal document that creates a corporation; it is filed with a state by the founders of a corporation and is governed by the laws of the state
A charter is the grant of authority or rights, stating that the granter formally recognizes the prerogative of the recipient to exercise the rights specified. It is implicit that the granter retains superiority, and that the recipient admits a limited (or inferior) status within the relationship, and it is within that sense that charters were historically granted, and that sense is retained in modern usage of the term. Also, charter can simply be a document giving royal permission to start a colony.
OmegaWiki Dictionary
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charter A formal written record of transactions, proceedings, etc., as of a society, committee, or legislative body.
charter To hold under a lease or rental agreement of goods and services.